Works Cited
Guannu, Joseph Saye, Ph.D. "The Perennial Problems of Liberian History." An Occasional Paper II.I (1989): 4-6. Print. An Occasional Paper, by Joseph Saye Guannu, is a primary source which summarizes the involvement of the League on Nations in the Fernando Po Crisis and includes several testimonies from witnesses who were involved in the Fernando Po Crisis. This source was beneficial because it analyzes the quotes of the witnesses, explains the reason Liberia used forced labor, and supports the fact that the peoples rights were taken away. This source was slightly biased, but it led to many secondary sources through its bibliography at the end. It has changed our view on the project because it places us in a laborers shoes and show how bad the conditions were in Fernando Po.
Johnson, Charles S. The Bitter Canaan: The Story of the Negro Republic. New Brunswick: Transaction, 1987. Print. The Bitter Canaan: The Story of the Negro Republic, by Charles S Johnson, is a short, but information-packed book. It has a lot of info on Liberia, its government, and the Fernando Po Crisis. It also provided amazing quotes that changed the way we viewed this topic, and how our research was done. This book was unbiased and led to many primary sources that Charles S Johnson used to write this book.
Koeller, David. "Liberia Is Founded by Freed Slaves." The Web Chronology Project. Web Chronology Project, 1999. Web. 11 Dec. 2013. <http://www.thenagain.info/webchron/Africa/Liberia.html>. Liberia is Founded by Freed Slaves, by David Koeller, is a website which provides a detailed historical overview of Liberia. It includes how Liberia became a free country and the conflict between the freed slaves and the indigenous people. It shows how even back then, rights were taken away and responsibility was not taken. This source was slightly biased at some points, but for the most part, it wasn't.
Maps of Liberia. The Library of Congress, 12 May 1998. Web. 19 Dec. 2013. <http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/gmdhtml/libhtml/liberia.html>. Maps of Liberia shows all the information about the history of Liberia. The timeline shows us the order of the events that happened in Liberia. The format of the website is pretty simple, it gives us few sentences about Liberia each year. The back ground information of Liberia helped us get started with the topic we had but it didn't give us any specific information about the Fernando Po Crisis. The website isn't biased at all, it just provides facts about Liberia from 1815-1997
"Slavery / Forced Labor." Cornell University Law Library. Cornell University, n.d. Web. 19 Dec. 2013. <http://www.lawschool.cornell.edu/library/WhatWeHave/SpecialCollections/LiberianLaw/Slavery.cfm>. Slavery / Forced Labor, a short article written by Cornell University, is very concise and information packed. It shows how the League of Nations was involved in the Fernando Po Crisis and provides a good context of the current situation. It supported our thesis that rights were taken away, but the forced labor was not the slavery defined by the anti-slavery convention, but it was similar to it. This source was unbiased and led to many secondary sources listed in the bibliography.
Sundiata, Ibrahim K. Black Scandal: America and the Liberian Labor Crisis, 1929-1936. Philadelphia: Institute for the Study of Human Issues, 1980. Print. Black Scandal: American and the Liberian Labor Crisis, 1929-1936, is provides a significant amount of historical context regarding the Fernando Po topic. It not only provides in great detail what happened, it also has primary quotes from laborers and witnesses who were alive during that time period. It also information on the League of Nations and it's part in the Fernando Po Crisis. Overall, this secondary source led to other secondary sources through the bibliography and was generally unbiased, although at some points it was slightly biased.
- - -. Brothers and Strangers. Durnham: Duke UP, 2003. Print. Brothers and Strangers, by I.K Sundiata, is a secondary source which contains a lot of information regarding the history of Liberia and the Fernando Po Crisis. There were a few quotes about the Fernando Po Crisis which supported the idea that rights were taken away during this time, and gave a good historical background. This book was overall unbiased, and was our first step in finding many other secondary and primary sources written by I.K Sundiata.
- - -. "Prelude to Scandal: Liberia and Fernando Po, 1880-1930." Journal of African History XV.I (1974): 97-112. Print. Prelude to Scandal: Liberia and Fernando Po, 1880-193 by I.K Sundiata is one of the most information-packed and detailed source regarding the Fernando Po Crisis. Not only does it provide a historical and background context of Liberia and the Fernando Po Crisis, it also give quotes from people who were directly involved in the Fernando Po Crisis. Although this journal is slightly biased, it gave information and analyzed it, which overall, supported our thesis that rights were taken away through forced labor, separation of families, and much more.
The United Press. "Slavery's End Believed Near." Pittsburgh Post-Gazette [Pittsburgh] 22 Dec. 1929: n. pag. Print. Slavery's End Believed Near, by The United Press, is a short newspaper article about forced labor on Fernando Po. It is not very detailed or informative, but it provides little background on the situation. It shows how slavery is a global disease and that even though some people may believe slavery no longer exists, it is a problem even today. This newspaper article was unbiased and only provided information that was true.
Johnson, Charles S. The Bitter Canaan: The Story of the Negro Republic. New Brunswick: Transaction, 1987. Print. The Bitter Canaan: The Story of the Negro Republic, by Charles S Johnson, is a short, but information-packed book. It has a lot of info on Liberia, its government, and the Fernando Po Crisis. It also provided amazing quotes that changed the way we viewed this topic, and how our research was done. This book was unbiased and led to many primary sources that Charles S Johnson used to write this book.
Koeller, David. "Liberia Is Founded by Freed Slaves." The Web Chronology Project. Web Chronology Project, 1999. Web. 11 Dec. 2013. <http://www.thenagain.info/webchron/Africa/Liberia.html>. Liberia is Founded by Freed Slaves, by David Koeller, is a website which provides a detailed historical overview of Liberia. It includes how Liberia became a free country and the conflict between the freed slaves and the indigenous people. It shows how even back then, rights were taken away and responsibility was not taken. This source was slightly biased at some points, but for the most part, it wasn't.
Maps of Liberia. The Library of Congress, 12 May 1998. Web. 19 Dec. 2013. <http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/gmdhtml/libhtml/liberia.html>. Maps of Liberia shows all the information about the history of Liberia. The timeline shows us the order of the events that happened in Liberia. The format of the website is pretty simple, it gives us few sentences about Liberia each year. The back ground information of Liberia helped us get started with the topic we had but it didn't give us any specific information about the Fernando Po Crisis. The website isn't biased at all, it just provides facts about Liberia from 1815-1997
"Slavery / Forced Labor." Cornell University Law Library. Cornell University, n.d. Web. 19 Dec. 2013. <http://www.lawschool.cornell.edu/library/WhatWeHave/SpecialCollections/LiberianLaw/Slavery.cfm>. Slavery / Forced Labor, a short article written by Cornell University, is very concise and information packed. It shows how the League of Nations was involved in the Fernando Po Crisis and provides a good context of the current situation. It supported our thesis that rights were taken away, but the forced labor was not the slavery defined by the anti-slavery convention, but it was similar to it. This source was unbiased and led to many secondary sources listed in the bibliography.
Sundiata, Ibrahim K. Black Scandal: America and the Liberian Labor Crisis, 1929-1936. Philadelphia: Institute for the Study of Human Issues, 1980. Print. Black Scandal: American and the Liberian Labor Crisis, 1929-1936, is provides a significant amount of historical context regarding the Fernando Po topic. It not only provides in great detail what happened, it also has primary quotes from laborers and witnesses who were alive during that time period. It also information on the League of Nations and it's part in the Fernando Po Crisis. Overall, this secondary source led to other secondary sources through the bibliography and was generally unbiased, although at some points it was slightly biased.
- - -. Brothers and Strangers. Durnham: Duke UP, 2003. Print. Brothers and Strangers, by I.K Sundiata, is a secondary source which contains a lot of information regarding the history of Liberia and the Fernando Po Crisis. There were a few quotes about the Fernando Po Crisis which supported the idea that rights were taken away during this time, and gave a good historical background. This book was overall unbiased, and was our first step in finding many other secondary and primary sources written by I.K Sundiata.
- - -. "Prelude to Scandal: Liberia and Fernando Po, 1880-1930." Journal of African History XV.I (1974): 97-112. Print. Prelude to Scandal: Liberia and Fernando Po, 1880-193 by I.K Sundiata is one of the most information-packed and detailed source regarding the Fernando Po Crisis. Not only does it provide a historical and background context of Liberia and the Fernando Po Crisis, it also give quotes from people who were directly involved in the Fernando Po Crisis. Although this journal is slightly biased, it gave information and analyzed it, which overall, supported our thesis that rights were taken away through forced labor, separation of families, and much more.
The United Press. "Slavery's End Believed Near." Pittsburgh Post-Gazette [Pittsburgh] 22 Dec. 1929: n. pag. Print. Slavery's End Believed Near, by The United Press, is a short newspaper article about forced labor on Fernando Po. It is not very detailed or informative, but it provides little background on the situation. It shows how slavery is a global disease and that even though some people may believe slavery no longer exists, it is a problem even today. This newspaper article was unbiased and only provided information that was true.